Accounting manipulation in municipalities in São Paulo

evidence of budget result management

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21874/r5b96x80

Keywords:

results management, municipalities, accounting manipulation, panel data

Abstract

In the Brazilian public sector, particularly among local governments with weak internal controls, incentives and opportunities exist for discretionary management of accounting results, potentially affecting the decisions of citizens and oversight institutions. Grounded in public choice and agency theories, this study investigates the practice of accounting manipulation in the budgetary outcomes of municipalities in the state of São Paulo, focusing on the “other current revenue” and “other current expenditure” accounts, which are utilized to achieve budgetary balance. The methodology is based on the analysis of unbalanced panel data from 645 municipalities in São Paulo over the period 2014 to 2022, employing fixed effects, random effects, and pooled effects models, and testing five hypotheses grounded in the scientific literature. The results provide strong evidence of result manipulation, particularly in smaller municipalities, with such practices being more pronounced in the “other current expenditure” accounts. As a contribution, the study underscores the importance of accounting for municipal heterogeneity and adopts a methodological approach that remains nascent in national literature. These findings further highlight the necessity of strengthening institutional controls and promoting fiscal transparency in the Brazilian public sector.

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Author Biographies

  • Alexandra Maria Rios Cabral, Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió/AL, Brasil

    PhD in Production Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE). Associate Professor, Faculty of Economics, Administration and Accounting (FEAC), Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL). Researcher in the areas of Economics, Accounting Sciences and Environment with an emphasis on applied quantitative methods.

  • Valdemir da Silva, Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió/AL, Brasil

    PhD Candidate in Accounting Sciences and Administration, Fucape Business School. Adjunct Professor, Faculty of Economics, Administration and Accounting (FEAC) - Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL). Researcher in the areas of Costs, Budgeting, Governmental Accounting and Analysis of Financial Statements in the Public Sector.

  • Camila do Carmo Hermida, Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió/AL, Brasil

    PhD in Economics, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU). Associate Professor, Faculty of Economics, Administration and Accounting (FEAC) - Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL). Researcher in the field of Economics and member of the Applied Economics Laboratory (LEAP) research group at the Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL).

  • Anderson Moreira Aristides dos Santos, UniversidadeFederal de Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió/AL, Brasil

    PhD in Economics, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Associate Professor, Faculty of Economics, Administration and Accounting (FEAC) - Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL). Researcher in Health Economics; Poverty and Income Inequality and Public Policy Evaluation.

  • Wesley Vieira da Silva, Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió/AL, Brasil

    PhD in Production Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC). Adjunct Professor, Faculty of Economics, Administration and Accounting (FEAC) - Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL). Researcher in the area of Quantitative Methods Applied to Finance and Decision-Making Processes.

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Published

2026-05-27

How to Cite

Accounting manipulation in municipalities in São Paulo: evidence of budget result management. (2026). Revista Do Serviço Público, 77(2), 247-267. https://doi.org/10.21874/r5b96x80